UBC MATH 100, topic by topic
Every topic in teaching order: what to be able to do in each, where the course text teaches it, and what it builds on.
The three flavours share everything but their last weeks, and each sits its own final. All use UBC Math 100: Differential Calculus and its Practice Book; MATH 180 covers the same topics. The course assumes precalculus: the precalculus check tests it in 25 minutes.
Before the midterm
Power functions and first sketches
Which term dominates for small and large x, sketching two-term polynomials, and the familiar functions.
Read: UBC Math 100 §1.1, §1.2 and §1.5Practice Book §1
What you should be able to do (4)
Say which of two powers of is larger, for and for , and sketch for any real
Pick out the term of a polynomial that dominates near zero, and the one that dominates for large x
Sketch a two-term polynomial, such as , from its dominant terms
Use the order of growth (a logarithm below any positive power, any power below ) to sketch a function such as
Functions, graphs and inverses
Domain, composition, transformations, inverses and the trigonometry the course assumes.
Read: UBC Math 100 §1.5 and §4.6Practice Book §1 and §4.6CLP-1 §0.4, §0.5 and §0.6
What you should be able to do (5)
Sketch the familiar functions from memory: , , , , , , and
Find where a formula is defined, and compose two functions
Assumed from precalculusUBC Math 100 §1.5Practise it: 5 questions
Predict what a shift, stretch or reflection does to a graph
Assumed from precalculusUBC Math 100 §1.5Practise it: 1 question
Solve the exponential, logarithmic and trigonometric equations later topics take for granted
Assumed from precalculusUBC Math 100 §1.5Practise it: 8 questions
Say what an inverse function is, when one exists, and find it
Limits
Limit laws, the indeterminate form 0/0, one-sided and infinite limits, limits at infinity and asymptotes.
Builds on functions, graphs and inverses
Read: UBC Math 100 §2.1 to §2.2Practice Book §2.1 to §2.2CLP-1 §1.3, §1.4 and §1.5
What you should be able to do (9)
Explain in words and with a picture what a limit, a one-sided limit and an infinite limit mean
Read limits off a graph, and say when a limit does not exist
Work out a limit from each side, and say the limit exists only when the two agree
Decide when substituting the point is enough
Evaluate limits of polynomial, rational, trigonometric, exponential and logarithmic functions, resolving a form when substitution gives one
Trap a bounded, oscillating factor between two functions with the same limit (the squeeze theorem)
Beyond the course textCLP-1 §1.4Practise it: 1 question
Find limits as and , square roots included
Find the vertical and horizontal asymptotes of a function, by limits or by dominant terms, and say what each means
Explain why a graph can cross its horizontal asymptote
Continuity
The definition of continuity, classifying discontinuities, and the constants that make a piecewise function continuous.
Builds on limits
Read: UBC Math 100 §2.3Practice Book §2.3CLP-1 §1.6
What you should be able to do (5)
State what it means for a function to be continuous at a point and on its domain, in words and with limits
Classify a discontinuity as removable, jump or infinite
Say where a function is continuous, and justify it
Choose the constants that make a piecewise function continuous
Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show an equation has a solution in an interval
Beyond the course textCLP-1 §1.6Practise it: 4 questions
The definition of the derivative
Secants and tangents, average and instantaneous velocity, the difference quotient and differentiability.
Builds on limits and continuity
Read: UBC Math 100 §3.1 to §3.5Practice Book §3.1 to §3.5CLP-1 §1.1 to §3.1
What you should be able to do (6)
Find a line from two points, from a point and a slope, or from a graph, and read the slopes of a piecewise-linear function
Compute the average rate of change of a function over an interval
Explain the derivative as the limit of difference quotients, and use that limit to find a derivative and a tangent line
Sketch the graph of from the graph of
Read a derivative as an instantaneous rate of change, with its units
Find where a function fails to be differentiable: a corner, a cusp, a vertical tangent or a break
Differentiation rules
Power, sum, product and quotient rules, tangent lines and higher-order derivatives.
Builds on the definition of the derivative
Read: UBC Math 100 §4.1 and §3.4Practice Book §4.1 and §3.4CLP-1 §2.4, §2.6 and §2.14
What you should be able to do (9)
Split a derivative over sums and constant multiples, and show from the definition why that is allowed
State and use the power rule for any exponent, and prove it for whole-number powers from the definition
Differentiate a product without dropping a term
Differentiate a quotient, the right way round
Differentiate first and substitute the point second
Find a tangent line from a derivative, and run the idea backwards to find where a tangent has a given property
Recognise a limit as a derivative in disguise
Show a claim about derivatives is false with a counterexample, and say why an example cannot prove one true
Compute second and higher derivatives
Exponential and trigonometric functions
Derivatives of ex, ax, sine, cosine and tangent, and the limits behind them.
Builds on differentiation rules
Read: UBC Math 100 §3.5, §4.2 and §4.4Practice Book §3.5, §4.2 and §4.4CLP-1 §2.7 and §2.8
What you should be able to do (3)
Show from the definition that the derivative of is a constant times , and describe as the exponential that is its own derivative
Differentiate sine, cosine and tangent, and get secant, cosecant and cotangent from them
Explain where the trigonometric derivatives come from: the limit of and the addition formulas
The chain rule and logarithms
Compositions, nested rules, the natural logarithm and logarithmic differentiation.
Builds on differentiation rules and exponential and trigonometric functions
Read: UBC Math 100 §4.3 and §4.4Practice Book §4.3 and §4.4CLP-1 §2.9 and §2.10
What you should be able to do (3)
Differentiate a composition with the chain rule, nested ones included
Differentiate logarithms
Decide when logarithmic differentiation makes a derivative easier (a long product or quotient, a variable power), and carry it out
Implicit differentiation and inverse trigonometric functions
Differentiating relations, tangent lines to curves, and the derivatives of inverse and inverse trigonometric functions.
Builds on the chain rule and logarithms
Read: UBC Math 100 §4.5, §4.6 and §4.7Practice Book §4.5, §4.6 and §4.7CLP-1 §2.11 and §2.12
What you should be able to do (5)
Explain implicit differentiation as the chain rule with a function of
Find the slope and the tangent line of a curve defined implicitly
Find the derivative of an inverse function at a point from the derivative of the function itself
Evaluate , and at standard values, and sketch
Derive and use the derivatives of arcsine, arccosine and arctangent
Related rates
Translating a moving situation into an equation, then differentiating.
Builds on implicit differentiation and inverse trigonometric functions
Read: UBC Math 100 §5Practice Book §5CLP-1 §3.2
What you should be able to do (5)
Name each changing quantity, and say which rate is given and which is wanted
Write a relationship between the quantities that holds at every instant
Use the fixed geometry to remove a variable before differentiating
Differentiate the relationship with respect to time
Substitute the instant only at the end, and say what the sign of the rate means
Before Quiz 2
L’Hôpital’s rule
The forms 0/0 and ∞/∞, products 0·∞ rewritten as one of them, and when the rule does not apply; ∞−∞ and the power forms are optional in the course text.
Builds on limits and the chain rule and logarithms
Read: UBC Math 100 §6.1, §6.2 and §6.3Practice Book §6CLP-1 §3.7
What you should be able to do (5)
Recognise the two forms the rule applies to directly, and , and refuse it anywhere else
Evaluate a limit with the rule, one-sided and at infinity included, applying it again while the form stays indeterminate
Rewrite a product as a quotient before using the rule
Compare the rule with dominant-term reasoning, and use whichever is shorter
Resolve the forms , , and by a common denominator or a logarithm
Optional in the course textUBC Math 100 §6.3Practise it: 5 questions
Curve sketching
Increase, concavity, inflection points, asymptotes and full sketches.
Builds on the chain rule and logarithms and limits
Read: UBC Math 100 §7.1 to §7.6Practice Book §7.1 to §7.6CLP-1 §3.6
What you should be able to do (7)
Start a sketch from the domain, intercepts and asymptotes
Find the sign of a factored function quickly, from where each factor changes sign
Find where a function increases and decreases from the sign of
Say what concavity means, and find where a function is concave up or down, and its inflection points, from
Recognise an even, odd or periodic function, and use the symmetry in a sketch
Draw a complete sketch, unaided, from , and
Find a slant asymptote by dividing out the polynomial part
Beyond the course textPractise it: 2 questions
Before the final
Optimization
Building an objective function and justifying the extreme value.
Builds on the chain rule and logarithms
Read: UBC Math 100 §8.1 to §8.4Practice Book §8.1 to §8.4CLP-1 §3.5
What you should be able to do (7)
Find the critical and singular points of a function, and identify its local maxima and minima
Find the global maximum and minimum on a closed interval, checking the endpoints
Separate the quantity being optimised from the constraint
Use the constraint to write the objective in one variable
Find the domain the situation allows
Justify that a critical point really is the extreme value: finding one is not enough
Answer the question asked, and interpret the optimum in its context
Linear approximation
Tangent-line estimates, whether they run high or low, and approximating a value without a calculator.
Builds on the definition of the derivative and the chain rule and logarithms
Read: UBC Math 100 §3.3.3, §9.1 and §9.2Practice Book §3.3, §9.1 and §9.2CLP-1 §3.4
What you should be able to do (4)
Estimate a value that is hard to compute with a tangent line, choosing a centre where everything is easy
Approximate an irrational number such as by a rational one, choosing both the function and the centre
Estimate a change with
Say whether a tangent-line estimate runs high or low, from the concavity between the centre and the point
Taylor polynomials
Quadratic and higher approximations, the Maclaurin polynomials of the standard functions and, for flavour A, bounds on the error.
Builds on linear approximation
Read: UBC Math 100 §9.3 to §9.6Practice Book §9.1 to §9.6CLP-1 §3.4
What you should be able to do (6)
Say what a degree approximation of a function is, and build one at any centre
State the Maclaurin polynomials of , , , and
Get a new Maclaurin polynomial from a known one by substituting, multiplying or differentiating, rather than from scratch
Evaluate a limit by replacing each function with its Taylor polynomial
Read a derivative at the centre back off a coefficient
Bound the error of a Taylor approximation, find where it meets a tolerance, or find the degree that does
Flavour A onlyUBC Math 100 §9.6Practise it: 3 questions
Newton’s methodflavours A and B
Following the tangent line towards a root: an iteration or two by hand, and the starting points where it fails.
Builds on linear approximation
Read: UBC Math 100 §10.1 and §10.2Practice Book §10
What you should be able to do (5)
Find a whole number close to a root to start from
Find where the tangent line at a point crosses the x-axis, and explain how repeating that finds a root
Write down the iteration, say what each term is, and carry out a step or two by hand
Recognise a starting point from which the method stalls, cycles or runs away
Run the iteration in a spreadsheet
Done in a spreadsheet, not practised hereUBC Math 100 §10.2
Exponential growth and decayflavours A and B
The differential equations y′ = ky and y′ = a − by: half-lives, doubling times, Newton’s law of cooling and inflow and outflow.
Builds on exponential and trigonometric functions and the chain rule and logarithms
Read: UBC Math 100 §3.5 to §11.4.2Practice Book §3.5 and §11CLP-1 §3.3
What you should be able to do (3)
Model growth and decay with , finding from one measurement, and work with half-lives and doubling times
Solve , by its formula or a change of variables, and interpret the solution: cooling, inflow and outflow
Use an initial condition to pick out the one solution that fits
Slope fields and Euler’s methodflavours A and B
Checking that a function solves a differential equation, reading a slope field, and stepping a solution forward with Euler’s method.
Builds on exponential growth and decay
Read: UBC Math 100 §11.1 to §12.3Practice Book §11, §12.2 and §12.3
What you should be able to do (6)
Say how a differential equation differs from an algebraic one, and check whether a function solves one
Find the slope of the solution through a given point, and draw a short piece of it
Read a slope field and sketch solutions on it
Explain Euler’s method and each term in its formula, and take a few steps by hand
Compare an Euler estimate with the exact solution, and say whether it runs high or low
Run Euler’s method in a spreadsheet
Done in a spreadsheet, not practised hereUBC Math 100 §12.4
Logistic growth and phase linesflavour B
Steady states and their stability from a state-space diagram (phase line), the logistic equation, and harvesting.
Builds on slope fields and Euler’s method
Read: UBC Math 100 §12.1, §13.1 and §13.2Practice Book §12.2, §13.1 and §13.2
What you should be able to do (4)
Say what a steady state is, and find the steady states of a simple differential equation
Draw a state-space diagram and describe from it what every solution does
Decide whether a steady state is stable, from the diagram or from the sign of the slope
Model a population with the logistic equation, and read off its carrying capacity and long-run behaviour
Functions of two variables and partial derivativesflavour C
Evaluating and reading functions of two variables, level curves, partial derivatives as marginal rates, and second partials.
Builds on the chain rule and logarithms
Read: UBC Math 100 §14.1 to §15.2Practice Book §14.1 to §15.2
What you should be able to do (5)
Place points in three dimensions, and recognise the planes where x, y or z is constant
Evaluate a function of two variables at given points
Use traces and level curves to understand a surface, and match a function to its graph
Compute partial derivatives, and read one as the steepness of the surface in one direction
Compute second partial derivatives, and know the mixed ones agree for well-behaved functions
Optimization in two variables and Lagrange multipliersflavour C
Critical points and the second derivative test, the extremes of a function on a closed region, and Lagrange multipliers.
Builds on functions of two variables and partial derivatives and optimization
Read: UBC Math 100 §16.1 to §16.3.3Practice Book §16.1, §16.2 and §16.3
What you should be able to do (5)
Find the critical points of a function of two variables, and picture them as flat spots
Classify critical points as maxima, minima or saddle points with the second derivative test, and say what a saddle point is
Find the absolute extremes on a closed region: critical points inside, and the boundary reduced to one variable
Find the extremes along a constraint with Lagrange multipliers
Choose between Lagrange multipliers and substituting the constraint, and say when a constraint has no extreme
What this site does not practise
- Spreadsheet work. The course asks for Newton’s method and slope fields and Euler’s method in a spreadsheet as well as by hand; the hand calculation is practised here, the spreadsheet is not.
- Writing a solution out in full. Every worked solution here is set out the way a marked answer is, but the habit is built on paper, which is where the working for this site happens too.
Sections the course text marks optional, such as the rarer indeterminate forms for l’Hôpital’s rule, are practised here and marked optional on their topic, since a class may still use them. The library also keeps topics from CLP-1 that this course does not teach: the Mean Value Theorem and antiderivatives.